Their study also concluded that the use of regenerating new plants using leaf cuttings took longer periods. Studies of Paterson and Rost (1978) reported that the use of auxin alone had only minimal stimulating effect. Both plant hormones have synergistic or antagonistic effect on several important developmental processes in growth in plants which includes the formation and maintenance of meristems for plant propagation ( Davies 2002 Su et al. The use of auxin, such as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), has been studied as rooting hormones for stem cuttings while cytokinin use is reported to help promote adventitious bud and shoot formation in leaf and root cuttings ( Abdullateef and Osman 2012 Kassahun and Mekonnen 2011). These plant functions include seed growth, flowering, fruit development and ripening, plant longevity and, vegetative development ( Brown 2006 Davis and Haissig 1990). These PGRs are molecules which affects numerous plant growth responses even in extremely low concentrations. Bio-stimulators were identified in 1930’s as natural forming substances which are now called ‘plant growth regulators’ (PGRs). Leaves and stem cuttings or any method of vegetative propagation in general have naturally occurring substances that are able to stimulate and produce necessary hormones for root and shoot formation, however, most cuttings require additional stimulation ( Altman and Waisel 1997 Carlson 1950).
The use of leaf cuttings is a cheaper option for plant growers which require simple methods but may take longer time to develop individual plants ( Heisler and Jonsson 2007 Zinkan 2010). Despite its demand, there is slow production of new plants thus, plenty of studies are conducted using the use of tissue culture demands sophisticated techniques and higher finances ( Lee and Park 2013 Lee et al. The use of Echeveria group among research experiments is popular for propagation studies due to its large group encompassing greater commonality for morphological structures amongst succulent species. Nowadays, these succulents are commercially produced and have been increasing in popularity for plant collectors, landscapers and in households ( Altman 2001). Aside from their minimal care, succulents have attractive leaf formation with geometric shapes which are unique among ornamental plants ( Nyffeler et al. Succulents are growing in popularity and demand due to their minimum maintenance and drought-tolerant characteristic as an indoor and landscape plant. Due to abundant moisture in leaves of succulents, leaf cuttings are able to survive for longer periods until new organs appear ( Donnelly et al. This is due to the presence of intercalary meristems attached to the leaf tissues which common for other plants. However, previous studies suggest that succulents have a more peculiar way of developing new plants through its leaves.
These meristems coordinate the initiation of new organs, continuously provide development of new cells for plant and are all regulated by a dynamic system ( Heisler and Jonsson 2007). Meristems enables plant growth and development in these organs which are affected by numerous external and internal factors ( Dello Loio et al. Plants have remarkable plasticity and adaptability which makes it possible for them to form new organs such as lateral roots, shoots and flowers including meristems ( Benková et al. The combination of auxin and cytokinin significantly stimulated the hastening of production of succulents using leaf cuttings. In the case of single hormone use, the application of 100 ppm IBA may be preferable. The application of 100 ppm IBA and 100 ppm Ki is recommended to obtain increased shoot growth and development for leaf cuttings. runyonnii which exhibited the highest and thickest shoots, and the number of leaves. The application of 100 ppm Ki significantly affected the majority of leaf cuttings of E. Using 500 ppm IBA led the roots to develop the earliest but both species also had the highest mortality. The use of 100 ppm IBA resulted in the highest shoot height, diameter, and rooting and shooting rate. Three levels of auxin as represented by the use of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0, 100, and 500 ppm), three cytokinin levels as represented by Kinetin (Ki) (0, 100, and 200 ppm) and their combination were applied and observed for 8 weeks. Different hormone levels were evaluated on two Echeveria species (E. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of auxin, cytokinin, and their combined application to hasten their propagation using leaf cuttings.
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